License & Exams
Why Do You Need an Amateur Radio License?
Amateur radio (HAM radio) is regulated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and by each country's national radio authority. Unlike license-free radios (such as FRS or PMR446), amateur radio operators can use a wide range of frequencies, transmit at much higher power levels, and have the freedom to build and modify their own equipment. Because of this, every country requires operators to pass an examination and obtain a license before transmitting.
Holding a license means:
- Legal use of spectrum resources: The radio spectrum is a limited public resource. Unauthorized transmissions can interfere with aviation, emergency services, and other critical communications, and are illegal everywhere.
- Demonstrated technical competence: The exam ensures you understand radio theory, equipment operation, electromagnetic compatibility, and safety.
- Your own callsign: A callsign is your unique identity on the air. All amateur radio operators worldwide identify each other by callsign.
- Access to international communication: With a license, you can legally communicate with other licensed HAMs around the world.
Overview of Licensing Systems by Country
China
Amateur radio in China is regulated by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT). Examinations and day-to-day administration are handled by the Chinese Radio Association (CRAC). Licenses are divided into A, B, and C classes with progressively greater operating privileges. See China CRAC License for full details.
United States
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) administers amateur radio licensing. There are three license classes: Technician (entry-level), General (intermediate), and Amateur Extra (full privileges). Exams are conducted by Volunteer Examiner Coordinators (VECs) and cost a nominal fee. Since 2022, remote online exams have been widely available. See International Licenses.
Japan
Amateur radio in Japan is administered by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Licenses are divided into four classes, from 4th class (entry-level) to 1st class (highest privileges). Japan has the highest density of amateur radio operators in the world.
Europe
Most European countries follow the CEPT framework. Operators holding a CEPT-compatible license can operate in other CEPT member countries without a separate license. Individual countries typically have two tiers: an entry-level license and a full license (often called HAREC -- Harmonised Amateur Radio Examination Certificate).
Other Regions
- South Korea: Administered by the Korea Amateur Radio League (KARL), four license classes.
- Australia: Administered by the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA), three classes: Foundation, Standard, and Advanced.
- Canada: Administered by Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada, two classes: Basic and Advanced (with an optional honours qualification).
Chapter Navigation
| Section | Summary |
|---|---|
| China CRAC License | A/B/C class certificates, exam content, application process, callsign assignment |
| Exam Preparation Tips | Study methods, resources, practice exams, common pitfalls |
| International Licenses | FCC (US), Japanese license, CEPT, reciprocal operating agreements |
TIP
If you are a complete beginner, read through this chapter to understand the licensing landscape before you start studying. Getting licensed is the first step to legally and safely enjoying amateur radio.
Contributors
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